BEYOND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS MODEL FOR PREDICTING LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS

Abstract

This study redefines self-awareness in leadership through a triadic model integrating emotional, cognitive, and social intelligence. Using a novel correlational approach, data were collected from 72 manager-subordinate dyads across diverse organizations in Pakistan. Managers completed two self-assessments two weeks apart, while subordinates rated their leadership using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ). Regression analyses showed that only social intelligence significantly predicted leadership effectiveness. Emotional and cognitive intelligence, along with traditional and correlational self-awareness measures, were not significant predictors. Findings emphasize the cultural challenges of assessing self-awareness in high power-distance contexts and support the inclusion of social intelligence in leadership development and evaluation.