The Spectrum of Research
type: channel
description: The Spectrum of Research is a multidisciplinary, open-access, quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed publication. The Journal undertakes to complete the double-blind peer-review process within one (01) month of submission and to duly notify the author(s) of the decision. The Editorial Board, while maintaining academic rigor and integrity, endeavors to provide timely and constructive feedback within the stipulated period, thereby ensuring an efficient and transparent publication process. The Journal is published under the auspices of the Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited, a legal entity duly incorporated and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration # 0307037.
publisher: Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited
language: en
publication name: The Spectrum of Research
items: SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES
items: MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS: THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY IN ‘OTHERING’ DISCOURSES
items: IMPROVING HOSPITAL OPERATIONS AND PATIENT FLOW USING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
items: BORDER MANAGEMENT AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE AND THE DURAND LINE
items: FEMALE CRIMINALITY IN PAKISTAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES AND PATHWAYS
items: ENHANCING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE AMID GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: A STUDY OF PAKISTAN’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR
items: UNDERSTANDING WRITING ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
items: BEYOND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS MODEL FOR PREDICTING LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS
items: MIGRAINE STIGMA, PAIN PERCEPTION, AND TREATMENT SATISFACTION
items: PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
items: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CRIME: EVIDENCE FROM GARHI KHAIRO, PAKISTAN
items: EMPOWERED TO COMMIT: THE IMPACT OF ENABLING CONTROL AND EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
items: THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: A SYSTEMIC AND ESCALATION MODEL APPROACH TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION
items: ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY IN QURATULAIN HYDER’S FIREFLIES IN THE MIST
items: ASSESSMENT OF BREAST CANCER KNOWLEDGE AND RISK AWARENESS AMONG NURSES IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
items: CHALLENGES FACED BY HOME CAREGIVERS OF HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
items: THE EVOLUTION OF NETSPEAK IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: INTERPRETING MEANING BEYOND WORDS
items: APPROACHES TO TEACHING ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL STUDY FROM NAUSHAHRO FEROZE
items: GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY AND MEDIA ‘OTHERING’ OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS
items: ENHANCING HEALTHCARE EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING HOSPITAL WAITING TIMES VIA PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
items: THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE AND THE FENCING OF THE DURAND LINE
items: SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING FEMALE INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN
items: GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCES AND SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE: INSIGHTS FROM PAKISTAN’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence (SI) and cognitive emotion regulation (CER) among undergraduate students in Karachi. Employing a quantitative research approach, the study utilized a convenience sample of 220 undergraduate students from various universities in Karachi within a correlational research design. Data were collected using the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) to assess the association between the two constructs. The study further examines whether spiritual intelligence significantly predicts cognitive emotion regulation using linear regression analysis, while correlational analysis is employed to explore the strength and direction of the relationship between SI and CER.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spiritual Intelligence (SI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CER)
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptive CER
  topic: keywords
subject: nonadaptive CER
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajid Ali
creator: Muhammad Muzammil
creator: Subhan Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 77
ending page: 86

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS: THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY IN ‘OTHERING’ DISCOURSES
type: item
description: This study investigates the discourse of “othering” in relation to geographic proximity within two leading Western print media outlets: The Wall Street Journal (United States) and The Daily Telegraph (United Kingdom). Focusing on the Escondido Mosque fire in the US and mosque attacks in Birmingham, UK, the research explores how geographic location influences the representation of Muslim communities. Using a qualitative methodology, the study applies Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to news content published within one month of each incident—March 24 to April 24, 2019, for The Wall Street Journal, and March 21 to April 21, 2019, for The Daily Telegraph. Findings indicate that The Wall Street Journal portrays Islam in a harsher and more prejudiced manner, often minimizing anti-Muslim actions and employing less critical language toward perpetrators, maintaining a uniform framing irrespective of geographic proximity. In contrast, The Daily Telegraph exhibits a nuanced differentiation among groups within the Muslim identity, with coverage patterns shaped by geographic closeness and spatial positioning relative to the newspaper’s operational base.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geographic Proximity
  topic: keywords
subject: Islam
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamophobia
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslims
  topic: keywords
subject: Othering
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Print Media
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Aqeel Aslam
creator: Waheed Ur Rehman
creator: Faisal Bin Ubaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 76

IMPROVING HOSPITAL OPERATIONS AND PATIENT FLOW USING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
type: item
description: This policy paper advocates the implementation of a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as a strategic solution to address the critical challenges facing healthcare in Lahore. Public hospitals in the city face severe overcrowding, often operating at over 120% capacity, while trust-based healthcare facilities remain underutilized, with occupancy rates below 75%. To address this imbalance, the paper proposes an integrative PPP model designed to redistribute patient loads, enhance service efficiency, and ensure equitable access to healthcare services. Drawing on successful international PPP examples from Kenya, Lesotho, and Sri Lanka, the paper outlines a three-phase implementation strategy: stakeholder engagement, pilot testing, and scale-up, supported by digital integration and real-time monitoring systems. Key insights from stakeholder consultations highlight operational feasibility, financial incentives, coordination between public and private sectors, quality assurance, and regulatory support as critical considerations. The proposed model seeks to optimize existing healthcare infrastructure, reduce patient turnaround times, and promote inclusive, sustainable healthcare delivery for marginalized communities. If effectively executed, this initiative could serve as a replicable prototype for other high-density urban centers in the Global South.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: hospital overcrowding
  topic: keywords
subject: trust hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare access
  topic: keywords
subject: patient outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: bed occupancy
  topic: keywords
subject: policy framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzaib Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 57
ending page: 67

BORDER MANAGEMENT AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE AND THE DURAND LINE
type: item
description: This study examines the Taliban government’s position on Pakistan’s border management policies and the securitization of the Durand Line. With border fencing representing a primary point of contention between Pakistan and Afghanistan, the research explores the Taliban’s response to these measures, their perception of the issue, and potential future actions regarding the Durand Line’s fencing. Given the Taliban’s recent consolidation of power, understanding their stance is critical for assessing bilateral relations and the broader strategic implications for Pakistan-Afghanistan ties. The study employs a qualitative methodology, drawing on both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through 32 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions involving five distinct stakeholder groups, including journalists and Taliban officials. The data were thematically analyzed to identify key patterns and insights. Findings indicate that the Taliban largely maintain a stance consistent with previous Afghan governments, with minor modifications to justify their position. They express strong reservations regarding Pakistan’s border fortification and do not fully recognize the Durand Line as an official demarcation. Nevertheless, the study reveals that the Taliban are open to negotiations with Pakistan, emphasizing border management based on mutual consent and cooperation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Durand Line
  topic: keywords
subject: Border Fencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Taliban
  topic: keywords
subject: Securitization
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan and Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Younus Khan
creator: Aftab Ahmed
creator: Obaidullah Khosti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 35
ending page: 56

FEMALE CRIMINALITY IN PAKISTAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES AND PATHWAYS
type: item
description: The primary objective of this study is to explore the socio-economic factors contributing to female criminality in Pakistan. Over time, women’s involvement in crime has been shaped by industrialization, technological advancements, enhanced communication and transportation, and the pervasive influence of mass media. For this research, thirteen female offenders were purposively selected using a convenience sampling technique, with the inclusion criterion being that their sentences had been formally adjudicated by a court. An interview guide was designed to cover socio-demographic characteristics, criminal history, and social and economic factors, facilitating in-depth interviews. Findings indicate that women engage in criminal activities primarily due to economic hardship, family conflicts, material desire, pursuit of love, and the need to preserve family honor. The study underscores the importance of implementing measures to strengthen women’s socio-economic status and familial roles as a strategy to mitigate female criminality in Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Socio-Economic Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Respect
  topic: keywords
subject: Female Criminality
  topic: keywords
subject: Offending Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Sanctions
  topic: keywords
creator: Resham Naz
creator: Shahid Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 34

ENHANCING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE AMID GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: A STUDY OF PAKISTAN’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR
type: item
description: Geopolitical tensions—including trade wars, regional conflicts, and regulatory pressures—have disrupted global supply chains, exposing vulnerabilities, particularly in emerging economies such as Pakistan. Although initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) provide strategic advantages, Pakistan remains susceptible to risks stemming from supplier dependence, geopolitical volatility, and regulatory compliance requirements, including European Union ESG standards, underscoring the need for resilient supply chains. This study investigates the impact of supplier dependence, regional integration, geopolitical risk exposure, and regulatory compliance pressure on supply chain resilience within Pakistan’s manufacturing sector, with a focus on firms in Karachi and Lahore. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative design, data from 144 managers across various industries were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The proposed model explains 60.8% of the variance in supply chain resilience, with supplier dependence identified as the strongest predictor, followed by regional integration and regulatory compliance pressure; geopolitical risk exposure exhibited a lower-than-anticipated effect. Grounded in Dependency, Regional Value Chain, Realist, and Institutional theories, the study provides actionable insights for managers and policymakers. Recommendations include diversifying supplier networks, strengthening regional trade linkages, enhancing risk monitoring systems, and investing in compliance infrastructure. Limitations of the study include the sample size and potential self-report bias.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supply Chain Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Supplier Dependence
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Mehvish
creator: Imran Ali Channa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 21

UNDERSTANDING WRITING ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of writing anxiety among university learners in Pakistan, motivated by participants’ poor writing proficiency. Using qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 students from three universities. Data analysis with NVivo 11 identified key themes revealing that writing anxiety is influenced by multiple factors. The study highlights cognitive anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and test anxiety as primary contributors to writing difficulties, suggesting these areas as focal points for interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: anxiety; writing anxiety; cognitive anxiety; somatic anxiety
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghulam Ali Buriro
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 74
ending page: 82

BEYOND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS MODEL FOR PREDICTING LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS
type: item
description: This study redefines self-awareness in leadership through a triadic model integrating emotional, cognitive, and social intelligence. Using a novel correlational approach, data were collected from 72 manager-subordinate dyads across diverse organizations in Pakistan. Managers completed two self-assessments two weeks apart, while subordinates rated their leadership using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ). Regression analyses showed that only social intelligence significantly predicted leadership effectiveness. Emotional and cognitive intelligence, along with traditional and correlational self-awareness measures, were not significant predictors. Findings emphasize the cultural challenges of assessing self-awareness in high power-distance contexts and support the inclusion of social intelligence in leadership development and evaluation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Social intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidimensional model
  topic: keywords
creator: Naureen Azad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 61
ending page: 73

MIGRAINE STIGMA, PAIN PERCEPTION, AND TREATMENT SATISFACTION
type: item
description: This study explores the relationship between migraine-related stigma, pain perception, and treatment satisfaction, and examines pain perception as a mediator. Using a correlational design and purposive sampling (N=105), data were collected from hospital outpatients and social media users. Measures included demographic and clinical forms, the Migraine-Related Stigma Scale, the Pain Belief and Perception Inventory, and the Treatment Satisfaction with Medicines Questionnaire. Results showed that stigma was significantly associated with both pain perception (r = .435, p < .01) and treatment satisfaction (r = .420, p < .01). Regression analysis indicated stigma significantly predicted treatment satisfaction (R² = .188), with pain perception partially mediating this relationship. The findings underscore the need to address both stigma and pain perception to improve treatment outcomes for individuals with migraines.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: migraine related stigma
  topic: keywords
subject: pain perception
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment satisfaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Amna Azam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 52
ending page: 60

PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
type: item
description: This study examines the relationship between university students' personality traits and academic performance in Pakistan, using data from an online survey and the BFI-10 (Big Five Inventory). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that extroversion and neuroticism negatively correlate with academic performance, while openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness show positive correlations. The findings suggest that personality traits significantly impact academic outcomes. Interventions such as self-awareness practices and behavior adjustments may help students leverage or manage their traits to improve academic performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student`s Personality Traits
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Achievement. Openness
  topic: keywords
creator: Samreen Shabbir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 40
ending page: 51

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CRIME: EVIDENCE FROM GARHI KHAIRO, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study examines the link between socio-economic conditions and rising crime in Garhi Khairo, Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. Based on resident concerns, it investigates root causes of crime through structured interviews, questionnaires, and literature review. Results show poverty and unemployment significantly contribute to crime, while education, drug abuse, and weak law enforcement show no statistical impact. Limited to Garhi Khairo, the findings suggest that addressing poverty and unemployment may help reduce crime, calling for a reassessment of other assumed factors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crime rate, Socioeconomic factors, Poverty, Unemployment, Community perception.
  topic: keywords
creator: Naveed Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 39

EMPOWERED TO COMMIT: THE IMPACT OF ENABLING CONTROL AND EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
type: item
description: This study examines how enabling control—specifically belief and interactive control systems—impacts employee commitment through employee empowerment in the service sector. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire using convenience sampling from employees of pharmaceutical firms in Karachi, each with at least one year of work experience. The analysis employed convergent inquiry, discriminant validity, and structural modeling techniques. While limited to the pharmaceutical sector in Karachi, the findings highlight a significant positive relationship between enabling control, employee empowerment, and commitment, emphasizing the role of control systems in organizational management. Future studies should explore broader industries and cultural contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Management Control Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Levers of Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Commitment
  topic: keywords
creator: Sofia Rehan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 22

THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: A SYSTEMIC AND ESCALATION MODEL APPROACH TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION
type: item
description: This study analyzes the Ukraine conflict through the lenses of the system theory and conflict escalation models to understand its underlying dynamics and explore potential pathways to resolution. The systemic model helps identify the complex interplay of political, economic, and security structures among global and regional actors, while conflict escalation theory traces the intensification of hostilities over time. By mapping key escalation triggers—such as NATO expansion, territorial disputes, and information warfare—the research highlights how the conflict evolved from political tension to full-scale war. The study proposes de-escalation strategies rooted in multilateral diplomacy, trust-building mechanisms, and conflict transformation frameworks. Ultimately, the paper offers a holistic view of the Ukraine conflict, emphasizing the importance of early intervention, balanced power negotiations, and sustainable peacebuilding efforts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: THE UKRAINE CONFLICT
  topic: keywords
subject: A SYSTEMIC AND ESCALATION
  topic: keywords
subject: MODEL APPROACH TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohaib Shakeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 61
ending page: 67

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY IN QURATULAIN HYDER’S FIREFLIES IN THE MIST
type: item
description: This study explores the concept of agency through an eco-critical and postcolonial lens in Quratulain Hyder’s Fireflies in the Mist. It examines how the novel constructs “agentic spaces” that challenge oppression, marginalization, and the distorted status of locality. Central to the narrative is the emergence of female agency, particularly through the protagonist, who navigates social constraints to become an autonomous subject. The research highlights how ecological elements in the novel serve as symbolic shelters that support this transformation, culminating in the formation of an “agentic locus.” Ultimately, the study reveals how environmental and social contexts intersect to empower marginalized identities
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agency, Agentic Locus, ecocriticism, postoclonialism, Haider’s Fireflies in the Mist, Female character
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaista Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 48
ending page: 60

ASSESSMENT OF BREAST CANCER KNOWLEDGE AND RISK AWARENESS AMONG NURSES IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, and nurses play a crucial role in promoting early detection through patient education. This cross-sectional study assessed breast cancer risk factor knowledge among 609 registered female nurses at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, using stratified random sampling and a structured questionnaire based on Stager's Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test. Knowledge levels were categorized as good, fair, or poor. Ordinal regression identified significant predictors of knowledge: nurses from private institutions (aOR = 4.23), those with experience caring for breast cancer patients (aOR = 1.41), those who had received a breast exam (aOR = 1.56), and those who had performed breast exams (aOR = 1.87) were more likely to have good knowledge. Only 35% of nurses demonstrated good knowledge. The findings emphasize the need to strengthen breast cancer education in nursing curricula and provide ongoing clinical training to improve early detection and patient care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Breast Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Workplace Training
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Sarwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 40
ending page: 47

CHALLENGES FACED BY HOME CAREGIVERS OF HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
type: item
description: Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing health concern in Pakistan, with prevalence rates ranging from 12.5% to 29.9%. Home caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis face significant physical, emotional, and informational burdens, which affect both their well-being and the quality of care provided. Objective: To explore the challenges faced by home caregivers attending to hemodialysis patients. Method: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Twelve primary caregivers with direct caregiving experience were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via in-depth interviews, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Five major themes emerged: Physical and daily caregiving challenges (e.g., care fatigue, lifestyle changes) Lack of knowledge and information (e.g., inadequate medication management, need for education) Emotional and psychological stress (e.g., anxiety, feeling overwhelmed) Impact on family dynamics (e.g., disrupted leisure time, shifting responsibilities) Financial strain (e.g., treatment costs, job disturbances) Conclusion: Home caregivers of hemodialysis patients face multifaceted challenges that significantly affect their physical, emotional, and financial well-being. Addressing these needs through education, support systems, and policy-level interventions is essential to improve both caregiver and patient outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, Caregivers
  topic: keywords
creator: Tahira Batool
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 24
ending page: 39

THE EVOLUTION OF NETSPEAK IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: INTERPRETING MEANING BEYOND WORDS
type: item
description: Netspeak has evolved from early internet forums into a complex digital language marked by abbreviations, emojis, memes, hashtags, and nonstandard grammar. This study explores its trajectory and socio-linguistic significance, highlighting how meaning often extends beyond literal words through context, shared references, and visual cues. Using an exploratory framework, the research reveals that Netspeak reflects shifting communication norms and identity expression in online spaces. Understanding this evolution is key to interpreting modern digital discourse and promoting digital literacy among students and the wider public.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Netspeak; Digital communication; Generation Z; Semantic features; Semiotic features.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tanveer Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 14
ending page: 23

APPROACHES TO TEACHING ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL STUDY FROM NAUSHAHRO FEROZE
type: item
description: English writing remains a challenge for students due to limited exposure to modern instructional approaches. This study examines the teaching approaches used by English language teachers in government secondary schools in Naushahro Feroze, focusing on the contrast between product and process writing methods. Using a quantitative descriptive design, data were collected via surveys from 104 students and 32 teachers across eight schools in three Talukas. Analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Findings reveal that while teachers are aware of the process approach, they predominantly use the product approach in classrooms. The study recommends integrating process-based writing methods into the curriculum to foster students' creativity, critical thinking, and reduce reliance on rote learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Writing Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Process Approach- Product Approach- Teacher Practice
  topic: keywords
creator: Uzma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 13

GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY AND MEDIA ‘OTHERING’ OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS
type: item
description: This study explores how geographic proximity influences media "othering" of Muslims in two major Western newspapers: The Wall Street Journal (U.S.) and The Daily Telegraph (U.K.). Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it examines coverage of the Escondido mosque fire (U.S.) and the Birmingham mosque attacks (U.K.) within one month of each event in 2019. The findings reveal that The Wall Street Journal employs more prejudiced language and downplays anti-Muslim actions, maintaining a uniform narrative regardless of proximity. In contrast, The Daily Telegraph shows nuanced distinctions within Muslim communities, with geographic closeness shaping its framing. The study highlights how spatial positioning influences media narratives on Islam and Muslims.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geographic Proximity
  topic: keywords
subject: Islam
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamophobia
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslims
  topic: keywords
subject: Othering
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Print Media
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 67
ending page: 75

ENHANCING HEALTHCARE EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING HOSPITAL WAITING TIMES VIA PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
type: item
description: This policy paper advocates for a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) to address Lahore’s healthcare challenges, including severe overcrowding in public hospitals and underutilization of trust-based healthcare facilities. With public hospital occupancy exceeding 120% and trust hospitals below 75%, the paper proposes an integrated model to redistribute patient loads, improve service efficiency, and ensure equitable healthcare access. Drawing on successful PPP experiences from Kenya, Lesotho, and Sri Lanka, the plan includes three phases: stakeholder engagement, pilot testing, and scaling, supported by digital integration and real-time monitoring. Key stakeholder concerns involve operational feasibility, financial incentives, public-private coordination, quality assurance, and regulatory support. The model aims to optimize infrastructure use, reduce wait times, and promote inclusive, sustainable healthcare for marginalized populations, serving as a potential blueprint for other densely populated cities in the Global South.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: hospital overcrowding
  topic: keywords
subject: trust hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare access
  topic: keywords
subject: patient outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: bed occupancy
  topic: keywords
subject: policy framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Amir Manzur
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 57
ending page: 66

THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE AND THE FENCING OF THE DURAND LINE
type: item
description: This study examines the Taliban government’s position on Pakistan’s fencing and securitization of the Durand Line, a major point of contention in bilateral relations. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered through 32 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions with journalists, Taliban officials, and other stakeholders. The findings reveal that while the Taliban largely maintain a stance similar to previous Afghan governments—expressing strong reservations about the border fortification and rejecting the Durand Line as an official boundary—they show willingness to negotiate with Pakistan on border management based on mutual consent. This research highlights the significance of the Taliban’s position for future Pakistan-Afghanistan relations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Durand Line
  topic: keywords
subject: Border Fencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Taliban
  topic: keywords
subject: Securitization
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan and Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulbasit Elham
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 35
ending page: 56

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING FEMALE INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study explores the socio-economic factors driving female criminality in Pakistan. Drawing on in-depth interviews with thirteen convicted female offenders, the research highlights key influences such as economic hardship, family conflicts, material desires, pursuit of love, and protecting family honor. Findings suggest that changes in society, including industrialization and media influence, have also shaped female involvement in crime. The study calls for urgent efforts to strengthen women’s socio-economic status and family support to reduce female criminal behavior in Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic
  topic: keywords
subject: Respect
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal
  topic: keywords
subject: Punishment
  topic: keywords
creator: Falak Sher
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 22
ending page: 34

GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCES AND SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE: INSIGHTS FROM PAKISTAN’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR
type: item
description: Geopolitical tensions such as trade wars, regional conflicts, and regulatory pressures have exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, especially in emerging economies like Pakistan. Despite advantages from initiatives like the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), Pakistan faces risks from supplier dependence, geopolitical volatility, and stringent regulatory demands including EU ESG standards. This study investigates how supplier dependence, regional integration, geopolitical risk, and regulatory compliance affect supply chain resilience in Pakistan’s manufacturing sector, based on data from 144 managers in Karachi and Lahore analyzed via PLS-SEM. Results show supplier dependence as the strongest factor influencing resilience, followed by regional integration and regulatory pressures, while geopolitical risk had a lesser impact. Drawing on Dependency, Regional Value Chain, Realist, and Institutional theories, the study offers practical recommendations for diversifying suppliers, boosting regional trade, enhancing risk management, and strengthening compliance frameworks. Limitations include sample size and self-report bias.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supply Chain Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Supplier Dependence
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Maliha Shamsi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 21