The Spectrum of Research
type: channel
description: The Spectrum of Research,(ISSN Online: 3106-7808; ISSN Print: 3106-7794) is a multidisciplinary, open-access, quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed publication. The Journal undertakes to complete the double-blind peer-review process within one (01) month of submission and to duly notify the author(s) of the decision. The Editorial Board, while maintaining academic rigor and integrity, endeavors to provide timely and constructive feedback within the stipulated period, thereby ensuring an efficient and transparent publication process. The Journal is published under the auspices of the Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited, a legal entity duly incorporated and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration # 0307037.
publisher: Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited
language: en
publication name: The Spectrum of Research
items: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) ADOPTION IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS IN PAKISTAN
items: THE IMPACT OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE METRICS ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
items: REDUCING HOSPITAL WAITING TIMES AND IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
items: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: OVERCOMING OBSTACLES TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
items: THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS ON THE BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL OF NATIVE AMPHIBIANS
items: TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ICT INTEGRATION IN SCHOOLS
items: A CASE STUDY EVALUATION OF ESP SYLLABI FOR BUSINESS GRADUATES AT IBA, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB (2024)
items: CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
items: ASMR CONTENT AND ANXIETY LEVELS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN EXPERIMENTAL OR OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
items: EXPLORING HOW MINDFULNESS RELATES TO PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
items: APPRAISAL OF INFORMAL JUSTICE: DISPUTE RESOLUTION COUNCILS IN CHARSADDA AND NOWSHERA, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
items: WORK-RELATED FLOW, PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL, AND ENGAGEMENT AMONG NON-PROFIT VOLUNTEERS: A GENDER-BASED STUDY
items: ASSESSMENT OF EXHAUST VALVE DEBRIS FROM GREEN FUEL COMBUSTION
items: AI IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
items: IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON NATIVE AMPHIBIAN BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL
items: SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES
items: MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS: THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY IN ‘OTHERING’ DISCOURSES
items: IMPROVING HOSPITAL OPERATIONS AND PATIENT FLOW USING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
items: BORDER MANAGEMENT AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE AND THE DURAND LINE
items: FEMALE CRIMINALITY IN PAKISTAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES AND PATHWAYS
items: ENHANCING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE AMID GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: A STUDY OF PAKISTAN’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR
items: UNDERSTANDING WRITING ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
items: BEYOND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS MODEL FOR PREDICTING LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS
items: MIGRAINE STIGMA, PAIN PERCEPTION, AND TREATMENT SATISFACTION
items: PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
items: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CRIME: EVIDENCE FROM GARHI KHAIRO, PAKISTAN
items: EMPOWERED TO COMMIT: THE IMPACT OF ENABLING CONTROL AND EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
items: THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: A SYSTEMIC AND ESCALATION MODEL APPROACH TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION
items: ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY IN QURATULAIN HYDER’S FIREFLIES IN THE MIST
items: ASSESSMENT OF BREAST CANCER KNOWLEDGE AND RISK AWARENESS AMONG NURSES IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) ADOPTION IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS IN PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Building Information Modeling (BIM) has transformed global construction by improving efficiency, coordination, and decision-making. However, its adoption in Pakistan remains limited due to persistent challenges. This study identifies key barriers to BIM implementation and proposes practical solutions tailored to the local context. A literature review and frequency-based analysis revealed eight major challenges, which were further explored through semi-structured interviews with BIM professionals in Pakistan. The resulting insights informed actionable guidelines to address these barriers. The findings aim to support effective BIM adoption, enhance project delivery, reduce delays, and control costs, contributing to the broader application of BIM in developing countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Building Information Modelling (BIM), BIM Implementation Challenges, Construction Industry Pakistan, BIM Adoption Barriers, Mitigation Measures in BIM
  topic: keywords
creator: Usman Farooq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 51
ending page: 64

THE IMPACT OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE METRICS ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
type: item
description: Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is gaining traction in developing countries like Pakistan due to its environmental and economic benefits. This study examines the impact of GSCM on environmental performance (EP), operational performance (OP), market performance (MP), and overall business performance in Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. Data were collected via structured questionnaires from 101 supply chain professionals and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that while GSCM positively influences EP, OP, and MP, its direct impact on overall business performance is not statistically significant. However, improvements in EP, OP, and MP can enhance business outcomes indirectly. The study contributes to the understanding of GSCM’s role in performance improvement and offers practical and policy insights for firms seeking sustainable supply chain strategies in developing economies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green supply chain management, Operational performance, Market performance Environmental performance and Business performance.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahsan Ikram
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 29
ending page: 50

REDUCING HOSPITAL WAITING TIMES AND IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
type: item
description: This policy paper proposes a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model to address severe overcrowding in Lahore’s public hospitals and the underutilization of trust-based healthcare facilities. With public hospital occupancy exceeding 120% and trust hospitals operating below 75%, an integrated approach is recommended to redistribute patient loads, improve efficiency, and ensure equitable access to care. Drawing on successful PPP models from Kenya, Lesotho, and Sri Lanka, the paper outlines a three-phase implementation plan: stakeholder engagement, pilot testing, and scale-up—supported by digital integration and real-time monitoring. Key considerations from stakeholder consultations include operational feasibility, financial incentives, public-private coordination, quality assurance, and regulatory support. This model seeks to optimize existing infrastructure, reduce waiting times, and provide inclusive, sustainable healthcare—offering a scalable solution for other high-density cities in the Global South.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public-Private Partnership (PPP), healthcare efficiency, hospital overcrowding, trust hospitals, healthcare access, patient outcomes, bed occupancy, policy framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Amir Manzur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 19
ending page: 28

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: OVERCOMING OBSTACLES TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
type: item
description: This study examines the relationships among key AI variables—adoption, ethics, governance, and AI-driven decision-making—and their impact on public administration. A survey of 300 participants, including policymakers, public administrators, and technology experts, was conducted to assess attitudes toward AI. Statistical analyses (correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA) revealed notable gender differences, with males showing more favorable views of AI. Perceptions also varied by professional role, with policymakers expressing greater support for AI adoption and ethics than other groups. The findings highlight the need for ethical frameworks, transparency, and capacity-building to address bias and fairness in AI implementation. The study concludes by emphasizing responsible AI integration and the importance of equipping public administrators with the necessary skills to manage AI technologies effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Public Administration, AI Adoption, Governance, Ethics, Decision-Making, Gender Differences, Professional Roles, AI Ethics, Capacity Building, Transparency, AI Impact.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hina Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-26
publication date: 2026-06-26
starting page: 11
ending page: 18

THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS ON THE BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL OF NATIVE AMPHIBIANS
type: item
description: Amphibians face increasing threats from pollution, habitat fragmentation, temperature shifts, and invasive species, all of which significantly affect their behavior, survival, and ecosystems—contributing to global population declines. This study examines how seasonal changes influence behavior, survival, and physiological responses of various amphibian species exposed to specific environmental stressors in their natural habitats. A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative data (e.g., activity levels, mating calls, foraging, survival rates) and qualitative field observations. Data from four species under different stressors were analyzed using ANOVA and survival analysis.Frog Species A: Temperature stress reduced activity (35 movements/day) and mating calls (8 calls/hour; p = 0.03).Toad Species B: Mud pollution significantly lowered call rate (5 calls/hour; p = 0.01).Salamander C vs. N: C was more active in fragmented habitats (40 vs. 24.7 movements/day) with lower mortality (10%; p = 0.02).Frog Species D: Invasive species presence increased activity and calls, but decreased foraging rates. Pollution markers were linked to reduced physiological function.Conclusion: Environmental stressors significantly impact amphibian behavior and health, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation and habitat protection strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadia Faheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ICT INTEGRATION IN SCHOOLS
type: item
description: The integration of ICT in education is key to enhancing teaching and learning. This study examines the perceptions of 350 school teachers in Lahore, from both public and private institutions, using a structured questionnaire. It explores their attitudes, perceived usefulness, challenges, and readiness toward ICT use. Findings show notable differences based on school type and demographics, highlighting both opportunities and barriers. The study recommends targeted training and policy support to promote effective ICT adoption in schools
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Information Communication Technology, ICT in education, Lahore schools, professional development, ICT integration barriers
  topic: keywords
creator: Nyha Mukhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 62
ending page: 75

A CASE STUDY EVALUATION OF ESP SYLLABI FOR BUSINESS GRADUATES AT IBA, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB (2024)
type: item
description: English for Specific Purposes (ESP) aims to address the linguistic needs of learners within their academic and professional contexts. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the 2024 ESP syllabus for business students at the Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Using a mixed-methods approach, it examines student and teacher perceptions, skill development, and curriculum design. Results reveal a disconnect between learner needs and course delivery, with reading and vocabulary identified as key areas requiring improvement, while speaking and comprehension skills showed moderate proficiency. The study recommends task-based learning, needs-based curriculum reform, and the use of formative assessment rubrics to enhance syllabus effectiveness
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English for Specific Purposes (ESP), Business English, University of the Punjab, language proficiency, syllabus evaluation, 2024.
  topic: keywords
creator: Osama Adnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 53
ending page: 61

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
type: item
description: This study investigates the types and frequency of linguistic errors commonly made by 10th grade ESL learners. Using a quantitative approach, written test data were analyzed based on Gass and Selinker’s (2008) error analysis model. Findings reveal that students frequently struggle with vocabulary, grammar, structure, and composition, with vocabulary and grammar errors occurring most often. Many learners rely on rote memorization rather than a conceptual understanding of English. Additionally, a lack of ESL-specific teacher training contributes to persistent language difficulties. The analysis also highlights a significant performance gap among students from government schools, who tend to make more writing errors, indicating systemic instructional shortcomings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus Error Analysis, ESL Learners, Quantitative Approach, Gass and Selinker Model, Government Schools
  topic: keywords
creator: Maleeha Nazim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 42
ending page: 52

ASMR CONTENT AND ANXIETY LEVELS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN EXPERIMENTAL OR OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
type: item
description: Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a sensory phenomenon marked by tingling sensations triggered by specific auditory or visual stimuli, such as whispering and tapping. This study examines the potential of ASMR videos to reduce anxiety among university students, a group often affected by academic stress and life transitions. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 150 students (aged 18–25) through structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses—including correlation, regression, and ANOVA—revealed a strong negative correlation between ASMR video engagement and anxiety levels (r = 0.852, p < .01). Gender-based analysis showed that females (r = 0.884) reported greater anxiety reduction than males (r = 0.828). Whispering and tapping were identified as the most effective triggers, while visual preferences varied by culture. The findings suggest that ASMR videos may serve as a cost-effective, accessible non-pharmacological intervention for anxiety management in university populations. Future research should explore long-term effects, expand demographic scope, and incorporate objective physiological measures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ASMR videos, anxiety reduction, university students, sensory triggers, gender differences, cross-cultural analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Farah Nazeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 18
ending page: 41

EXPLORING HOW MINDFULNESS RELATES TO PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological empowerment—defined respectively as present-moment awareness and a sense of meaning, competence, autonomy, and impact. While mindfulness is often linked to improved self-awareness and emotional regulation, correlation analysis in this research found no significant association between mindfulness and psychological empowerment (r = -0.021, p = .801). Similar negligible correlations were observed across gender groups. Data were collected using standardized surveys and analyzed quantitatively. These findings suggest that mindfulness alone may not directly influence psychological empowerment, pointing to the need for further research into other contributing or mediating factors. Future studies should explore longitudinal patterns and contextual variables to better understand the dynamics between mindfulness and empowerment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mindfulness, psychological empowerment, self-efficacy, autonomy, engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Bisma Bashir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 17

APPRAISAL OF INFORMAL JUSTICE: DISPUTE RESOLUTION COUNCILS IN CHARSADDA AND NOWSHERA, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
type: item
description: This study appraises the effectiveness of informal justice mechanisms in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by examining Dispute Resolution Councils (DRCs) in Nowshera and Charsadda districts. It assesses the intervention level of these councils as alternative justice systems and identifies gaps and areas for improving access to justice. Using Restorative Justice Theory, the study argues that informal mechanisms in traditional societies focus on repairing harm, restoring relationships, and reintegrating offenders and victims within their communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model.
  topic: keywords
creator: Noreen Naseer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 34
ending page: 46

WORK-RELATED FLOW, PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL, AND ENGAGEMENT AMONG NON-PROFIT VOLUNTEERS: A GENDER-BASED STUDY
type: item
description: This study examines the relationships between psychological capital, work-related flow, and work engagement among volunteers in non-profit organizations (NPOs), with a focus on gender differences. Psychological capital encompasses self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience; work-related flow refers to deep immersion and enjoyment in work; and work engagement is a positive, fulfilling work mindset. Using a quantitative, correlational design, data were collected from 155 volunteers across various Pakistani NPOs through self-report questionnaires, grounded in the Job Demands-Resources (JDR) model. Results show significant positive correlations among psychological capital, work-related flow, and work engagement. Gender analysis revealed that females reported higher work-related flow and engagement, while psychological capital showed no significant gender difference. This research contributes to understanding volunteer dynamics and supports the development of gender-sensitive policies to enhance volunteering efforts. Limitations include a relatively small sample size, suggesting future longitudinal and qualitative studies to expand these findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: psychological capital, work-Related flow, work engagement, volunteers, non-profit organizations, job demands-resources model), correlation, gender differences
  topic: keywords
creator: Hidna Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 24
ending page: 33

ASSESSMENT OF EXHAUST VALVE DEBRIS FROM GREEN FUEL COMBUSTION
type: item
description: Used cooking oil (UCO) has shown promise as a short-term alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. To evaluate its long-term effects, this study conducted an endurance test using diesel-UCO blends. Results showed minimal wear on the engine head’s working surface. Among the tested blends, DF60UCO20Pn20—with the lowest cetane number and highest oxygen content—exhibited the shortest combustion time and longest ignition delay. Engine head and exhaust valve deposits were analyzed and compared to those from emulsion fuels. Visual inspection revealed deposits across all fuels, while SEM and EDS analysis showed that DF95UCO5 produced more carbon buildup than both DF60UCO20Pn20 and pure diesel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Single Cylinder Diesel Engine, used cooking oil, Ternary Blend, Exhaust valve debris
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Afridi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 19
ending page: 23

AI IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
type: item
description: This study examines the relationships among key AI variables—adoption, ethics, governance, and AI-driven decision-making—and their impact on public administration. A survey of 300 participants, including policymakers, public administrators, and technology experts, was conducted to assess attitudes toward AI. Statistical analyses (correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA) revealed notable gender differences, with males showing more favorable views of AI. Perceptions also varied by professional role, with policymakers expressing greater support for AI adoption and ethics than other groups. The findings highlight the need for ethical frameworks, transparency, and capacity-building to address bias and fairness in AI implementation. The study concludes by emphasizing responsible AI integration and the importance of equipping public administrators with the necessary skills to manage AI technologies effectively
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Public Administration, AI Adoption, Governance, Ethics, Decision-Making, Gender Differences, Professional Roles, AI Ethics, Capacity Building, Transparency, AI Impact.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sonia Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 11
ending page: 18

IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON NATIVE AMPHIBIAN BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL
type: item
description: Amphibians face increasing threats from pollution, habitat fragmentation, temperature shifts, and invasive species, all of which significantly affect their behavior, survival, and ecosystems—contributing to global population declines. This study examines how seasonal changes influence behavior, survival, and physiological responses of various amphibian species exposed to specific environmental stressors in their natural habitats. A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative data (e.g., activity levels, mating calls, foraging, survival rates) and qualitative field observations. Data from four species under different stressors were analyzed using ANOVA and survival analysis.Frog Species A: Temperature stress reduced activity (35 movements/day) and mating calls (8 calls/hour; p = 0.03).Toad Species B: Mud pollution significantly lowered call rate (5 calls/hour; p = 0.01).Salamander C vs. N: C was more active in fragmented habitats (40 vs. 24.7 movements/day) with lower mortality (10%; p = 0.02).Frog Species D: Invasive species presence increased activity and calls, but decreased foraging rates. Pollution markers were linked to reduced physiological function.Conclusion: Environmental stressors significantly impact amphibian behavior and health, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation and habitat protection strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model.
  topic: keywords
creator: Alia Faheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence (SI) and cognitive emotion regulation (CER) among undergraduate students in Karachi. Employing a quantitative research approach, the study utilized a convenience sample of 220 undergraduate students from various universities in Karachi within a correlational research design. Data were collected using the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) to assess the association between the two constructs. The study further examines whether spiritual intelligence significantly predicts cognitive emotion regulation using linear regression analysis, while correlational analysis is employed to explore the strength and direction of the relationship between SI and CER.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spiritual Intelligence (SI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CER)
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptive CER
  topic: keywords
subject: nonadaptive CER
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajid Ali
creator: Muhammad Muzammil
creator: Subhan Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 77
ending page: 86

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS: THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC PROXIMITY IN ‘OTHERING’ DISCOURSES
type: item
description: This study investigates the discourse of “othering” in relation to geographic proximity within two leading Western print media outlets: The Wall Street Journal (United States) and The Daily Telegraph (United Kingdom). Focusing on the Escondido Mosque fire in the US and mosque attacks in Birmingham, UK, the research explores how geographic location influences the representation of Muslim communities. Using a qualitative methodology, the study applies Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to news content published within one month of each incident—March 24 to April 24, 2019, for The Wall Street Journal, and March 21 to April 21, 2019, for The Daily Telegraph. Findings indicate that The Wall Street Journal portrays Islam in a harsher and more prejudiced manner, often minimizing anti-Muslim actions and employing less critical language toward perpetrators, maintaining a uniform framing irrespective of geographic proximity. In contrast, The Daily Telegraph exhibits a nuanced differentiation among groups within the Muslim identity, with coverage patterns shaped by geographic closeness and spatial positioning relative to the newspaper’s operational base.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geographic Proximity
  topic: keywords
subject: Islam
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamophobia
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslims
  topic: keywords
subject: Othering
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Print Media
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Aqeel Aslam
creator: Waheed Ur Rehman
creator: Faisal Bin Ubaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 76

IMPROVING HOSPITAL OPERATIONS AND PATIENT FLOW USING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
type: item
description: This policy paper advocates the implementation of a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as a strategic solution to address the critical challenges facing healthcare in Lahore. Public hospitals in the city face severe overcrowding, often operating at over 120% capacity, while trust-based healthcare facilities remain underutilized, with occupancy rates below 75%. To address this imbalance, the paper proposes an integrative PPP model designed to redistribute patient loads, enhance service efficiency, and ensure equitable access to healthcare services. Drawing on successful international PPP examples from Kenya, Lesotho, and Sri Lanka, the paper outlines a three-phase implementation strategy: stakeholder engagement, pilot testing, and scale-up, supported by digital integration and real-time monitoring systems. Key insights from stakeholder consultations highlight operational feasibility, financial incentives, coordination between public and private sectors, quality assurance, and regulatory support as critical considerations. The proposed model seeks to optimize existing healthcare infrastructure, reduce patient turnaround times, and promote inclusive, sustainable healthcare delivery for marginalized communities. If effectively executed, this initiative could serve as a replicable prototype for other high-density urban centers in the Global South.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: hospital overcrowding
  topic: keywords
subject: trust hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare access
  topic: keywords
subject: patient outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: bed occupancy
  topic: keywords
subject: policy framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzaib Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 57
ending page: 67

BORDER MANAGEMENT AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE AND THE DURAND LINE
type: item
description: This study examines the Taliban government’s position on Pakistan’s border management policies and the securitization of the Durand Line. With border fencing representing a primary point of contention between Pakistan and Afghanistan, the research explores the Taliban’s response to these measures, their perception of the issue, and potential future actions regarding the Durand Line’s fencing. Given the Taliban’s recent consolidation of power, understanding their stance is critical for assessing bilateral relations and the broader strategic implications for Pakistan-Afghanistan ties. The study employs a qualitative methodology, drawing on both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through 32 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions involving five distinct stakeholder groups, including journalists and Taliban officials. The data were thematically analyzed to identify key patterns and insights. Findings indicate that the Taliban largely maintain a stance consistent with previous Afghan governments, with minor modifications to justify their position. They express strong reservations regarding Pakistan’s border fortification and do not fully recognize the Durand Line as an official demarcation. Nevertheless, the study reveals that the Taliban are open to negotiations with Pakistan, emphasizing border management based on mutual consent and cooperation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Durand Line
  topic: keywords
subject: Border Fencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Taliban
  topic: keywords
subject: Securitization
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan and Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Younus Khan
creator: Aftab Ahmed
creator: Obaidullah Khosti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 35
ending page: 56

FEMALE CRIMINALITY IN PAKISTAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES AND PATHWAYS
type: item
description: The primary objective of this study is to explore the socio-economic factors contributing to female criminality in Pakistan. Over time, women’s involvement in crime has been shaped by industrialization, technological advancements, enhanced communication and transportation, and the pervasive influence of mass media. For this research, thirteen female offenders were purposively selected using a convenience sampling technique, with the inclusion criterion being that their sentences had been formally adjudicated by a court. An interview guide was designed to cover socio-demographic characteristics, criminal history, and social and economic factors, facilitating in-depth interviews. Findings indicate that women engage in criminal activities primarily due to economic hardship, family conflicts, material desire, pursuit of love, and the need to preserve family honor. The study underscores the importance of implementing measures to strengthen women’s socio-economic status and familial roles as a strategy to mitigate female criminality in Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Socio-Economic Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Respect
  topic: keywords
subject: Female Criminality
  topic: keywords
subject: Offending Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Sanctions
  topic: keywords
creator: Resham Naz
creator: Shahid Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 34

ENHANCING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE AMID GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: A STUDY OF PAKISTAN’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR
type: item
description: Geopolitical tensions—including trade wars, regional conflicts, and regulatory pressures—have disrupted global supply chains, exposing vulnerabilities, particularly in emerging economies such as Pakistan. Although initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) provide strategic advantages, Pakistan remains susceptible to risks stemming from supplier dependence, geopolitical volatility, and regulatory compliance requirements, including European Union ESG standards, underscoring the need for resilient supply chains. This study investigates the impact of supplier dependence, regional integration, geopolitical risk exposure, and regulatory compliance pressure on supply chain resilience within Pakistan’s manufacturing sector, with a focus on firms in Karachi and Lahore. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative design, data from 144 managers across various industries were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The proposed model explains 60.8% of the variance in supply chain resilience, with supplier dependence identified as the strongest predictor, followed by regional integration and regulatory compliance pressure; geopolitical risk exposure exhibited a lower-than-anticipated effect. Grounded in Dependency, Regional Value Chain, Realist, and Institutional theories, the study provides actionable insights for managers and policymakers. Recommendations include diversifying supplier networks, strengthening regional trade linkages, enhancing risk monitoring systems, and investing in compliance infrastructure. Limitations of the study include the sample size and potential self-report bias.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supply Chain Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Supplier Dependence
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Mehvish
creator: Imran Ali Channa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 21

UNDERSTANDING WRITING ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of writing anxiety among university learners in Pakistan, motivated by participants’ poor writing proficiency. Using qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 students from three universities. Data analysis with NVivo 11 identified key themes revealing that writing anxiety is influenced by multiple factors. The study highlights cognitive anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and test anxiety as primary contributors to writing difficulties, suggesting these areas as focal points for interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: anxiety; writing anxiety; cognitive anxiety; somatic anxiety
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghulam Ali Buriro
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 73
ending page: 81

BEYOND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS MODEL FOR PREDICTING LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS
type: item
description: This study redefines self-awareness in leadership through a triadic model integrating emotional, cognitive, and social intelligence. Using a novel correlational approach, data were collected from 72 manager-subordinate dyads across diverse organizations in Pakistan. Managers completed two self-assessments two weeks apart, while subordinates rated their leadership using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ). Regression analyses showed that only social intelligence significantly predicted leadership effectiveness. Emotional and cognitive intelligence, along with traditional and correlational self-awareness measures, were not significant predictors. Findings emphasize the cultural challenges of assessing self-awareness in high power-distance contexts and support the inclusion of social intelligence in leadership development and evaluation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Social intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidimensional model
  topic: keywords
creator: Naureen Azad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 60
ending page: 72

MIGRAINE STIGMA, PAIN PERCEPTION, AND TREATMENT SATISFACTION
type: item
description: This study explores the relationship between migraine-related stigma, pain perception, and treatment satisfaction, and examines pain perception as a mediator. Using a correlational design and purposive sampling (N=105), data were collected from hospital outpatients and social media users. Measures included demographic and clinical forms, the Migraine-Related Stigma Scale, the Pain Belief and Perception Inventory, and the Treatment Satisfaction with Medicines Questionnaire. Results showed that stigma was significantly associated with both pain perception (r = .435, p < .01) and treatment satisfaction (r = .420, p < .01). Regression analysis indicated stigma significantly predicted treatment satisfaction (R² = .188), with pain perception partially mediating this relationship. The findings underscore the need to address both stigma and pain perception to improve treatment outcomes for individuals with migraines.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: migraine related stigma
  topic: keywords
subject: pain perception
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment satisfaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Amna Azam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 51
ending page: 59

PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
type: item
description: This study examines the relationship between university students' personality traits and academic performance in Pakistan, using data from an online survey and the BFI-10 (Big Five Inventory). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that extroversion and neuroticism negatively correlate with academic performance, while openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness show positive correlations. The findings suggest that personality traits significantly impact academic outcomes. Interventions such as self-awareness practices and behavior adjustments may help students leverage or manage their traits to improve academic performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student`s Personality Traits
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Achievement. Openness
  topic: keywords
creator: Samreen Shabbir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 40
ending page: 50

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CRIME: EVIDENCE FROM GARHI KHAIRO, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study examines the link between socio-economic conditions and rising crime in Garhi Khairo, Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. Based on resident concerns, it investigates root causes of crime through structured interviews, questionnaires, and literature review. Results show poverty and unemployment significantly contribute to crime, while education, drug abuse, and weak law enforcement show no statistical impact. Limited to Garhi Khairo, the findings suggest that addressing poverty and unemployment may help reduce crime, calling for a reassessment of other assumed factors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crime rate, Socioeconomic factors, Poverty, Unemployment, Community perception.
  topic: keywords
creator: Naveed Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 39

EMPOWERED TO COMMIT: THE IMPACT OF ENABLING CONTROL AND EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
type: item
description: This study examines how enabling control—specifically belief and interactive control systems—impacts employee commitment through employee empowerment in the service sector. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire using convenience sampling from employees of pharmaceutical firms in Karachi, each with at least one year of work experience. The analysis employed convergent inquiry, discriminant validity, and structural modeling techniques. While limited to the pharmaceutical sector in Karachi, the findings highlight a significant positive relationship between enabling control, employee empowerment, and commitment, emphasizing the role of control systems in organizational management. Future studies should explore broader industries and cultural contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Management Control Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Levers of Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Commitment
  topic: keywords
creator: Sofia Rehan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 22

THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: A SYSTEMIC AND ESCALATION MODEL APPROACH TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION
type: item
description: This study analyzes the Ukraine conflict through the lenses of the system theory and conflict escalation models to understand its underlying dynamics and explore potential pathways to resolution. The systemic model helps identify the complex interplay of political, economic, and security structures among global and regional actors, while conflict escalation theory traces the intensification of hostilities over time. By mapping key escalation triggers—such as NATO expansion, territorial disputes, and information warfare—the research highlights how the conflict evolved from political tension to full-scale war. The study proposes de-escalation strategies rooted in multilateral diplomacy, trust-building mechanisms, and conflict transformation frameworks. Ultimately, the paper offers a holistic view of the Ukraine conflict, emphasizing the importance of early intervention, balanced power negotiations, and sustainable peacebuilding efforts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: THE UKRAINE CONFLICT
  topic: keywords
subject: A SYSTEMIC AND ESCALATION
  topic: keywords
subject: MODEL APPROACH TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohaib Shakeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 61
ending page: 67

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY IN QURATULAIN HYDER’S FIREFLIES IN THE MIST
type: item
description: This study explores the concept of agency through an eco-critical and postcolonial lens in Quratulain Hyder’s Fireflies in the Mist. It examines how the novel constructs “agentic spaces” that challenge oppression, marginalization, and the distorted status of locality. Central to the narrative is the emergence of female agency, particularly through the protagonist, who navigates social constraints to become an autonomous subject. The research highlights how ecological elements in the novel serve as symbolic shelters that support this transformation, culminating in the formation of an “agentic locus.” Ultimately, the study reveals how environmental and social contexts intersect to empower marginalized identities
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agency, Agentic Locus, ecocriticism, postoclonialism, Haider’s Fireflies in the Mist, Female character
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaista Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 48
ending page: 60

ASSESSMENT OF BREAST CANCER KNOWLEDGE AND RISK AWARENESS AMONG NURSES IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, and nurses play a crucial role in promoting early detection through patient education. This cross-sectional study assessed breast cancer risk factor knowledge among 609 registered female nurses at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, using stratified random sampling and a structured questionnaire based on Stager's Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test. Knowledge levels were categorized as good, fair, or poor. Ordinal regression identified significant predictors of knowledge: nurses from private institutions (aOR = 4.23), those with experience caring for breast cancer patients (aOR = 1.41), those who had received a breast exam (aOR = 1.56), and those who had performed breast exams (aOR = 1.87) were more likely to have good knowledge. Only 35% of nurses demonstrated good knowledge. The findings emphasize the need to strengthen breast cancer education in nursing curricula and provide ongoing clinical training to improve early detection and patient care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Breast Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Workplace Training
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Sarwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 40
ending page: 47